Part F
Administrative Institutions:
-China:
Throughout Han dynasty the Chinese bureaucracy continually expanded it power, so that by the end of the dynasty there were 130,000 bureaucrats trained to enforce the emperor’s policies. The Han dynasty conquered all of China and established lasting and evolving centralized government, which derived from both legalism and Confucius thought. The Han dynasty derived from the short lived Qin dynasty and its centralized government but adopted from Confucius thinking that elected ethical men should run government.
The Sui dynasty was another centralized dynasty in-between these times and set up the “Three Departments and Six Ministries” which allowed for better centralization through cooperation and supervision between the different departments and ministries. This led to better centralization, and all dynasties followed this administrative structure from there on out.
-China:
Throughout Han dynasty the Chinese bureaucracy continually expanded it power, so that by the end of the dynasty there were 130,000 bureaucrats trained to enforce the emperor’s policies. The Han dynasty conquered all of China and established lasting and evolving centralized government, which derived from both legalism and Confucius thought. The Han dynasty derived from the short lived Qin dynasty and its centralized government but adopted from Confucius thinking that elected ethical men should run government.
The Sui dynasty was another centralized dynasty in-between these times and set up the “Three Departments and Six Ministries” which allowed for better centralization through cooperation and supervision between the different departments and ministries. This led to better centralization, and all dynasties followed this administrative structure from there on out.
Three departments and six ministries
http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34H6321H12139.html
[[http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wcap_4/18/4646/1189489.cw/\]]
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_qinhan.htm
http://www.chinatour360.com/history/sui-dynasty/
-Persia:
The Achaemenid Empire ruled Persia from 550 B.C.E to 330 B.C.E. The empire was organized hierarchically with a Sovereign Great King, his court, and the central government, with a professional bureaucracy and army on top. The satraps and his court followed, ending with the sub-satraps in charge of the providences and local districts.
The empire that followed was that of the Parthian empire (247 B.C.E to 224 A.D). The empire wasn’t very centralized, with many peoples, languages, and economic systems, being a conglomerate for many kingdoms, provinces, marks and city-states. Local potentates had a role to play in the ruling in the empire with noble families being allowed to elect members to the Royal council. The constituent parts of the empire on the other hand were very independent, as long as tribute was paid, the kings did not interfere.
The final Persian Empire falling between this time periods is the Sassanid Empire (224 A.D to 651 A.D). The Sassanid Empire was fairly centralized, and used Zoroastrianism to maintain social stratification, with the mobadan mobad, head of the priestly class, as one of the heads of the bureaucracy, along with the eran spahbod, the military commander.
http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34H6321H12139.html
[[http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wcap_4/18/4646/1189489.cw/\]]
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_qinhan.htm
http://www.chinatour360.com/history/sui-dynasty/
-Persia:
The Achaemenid Empire ruled Persia from 550 B.C.E to 330 B.C.E. The empire was organized hierarchically with a Sovereign Great King, his court, and the central government, with a professional bureaucracy and army on top. The satraps and his court followed, ending with the sub-satraps in charge of the providences and local districts.
The empire that followed was that of the Parthian empire (247 B.C.E to 224 A.D). The empire wasn’t very centralized, with many peoples, languages, and economic systems, being a conglomerate for many kingdoms, provinces, marks and city-states. Local potentates had a role to play in the ruling in the empire with noble families being allowed to elect members to the Royal council. The constituent parts of the empire on the other hand were very independent, as long as tribute was paid, the kings did not interfere.
The final Persian Empire falling between this time periods is the Sassanid Empire (224 A.D to 651 A.D). The Sassanid Empire was fairly centralized, and used Zoroastrianism to maintain social stratification, with the mobadan mobad, head of the priestly class, as one of the heads of the bureaucracy, along with the eran spahbod, the military commander.
Parthian empire
Sassanid Empire
http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/e1-34-02-01.pdf
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/parthians/parthians.php
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sassanids/sassanids.php
-Rome:
Rome went through many different institutions starting with the kings of Rome at the start of the Roman Empire, being inevitably followed by the Roman Republic.
In the beginning each province had its own constitution and was loosely supervised by the roman senate. For each province a governor was appointed to rule for one year in theory, but in practice terms were extended. By the time of Augustus a hierarchy had established with “public provinces” administered by a governor who was appointed by the senate, with no responsibility for troops. The remaining provinces were imperial, effectively run by appointees of the emperor. The more peaceful provinces only had one legion of troops based within it, and where the governor was a former praetor (magistrate). Governors from the ranks of former consults (chief magistrates) ran the more heavily garrisoned provinces. Governors of equestrian rank also ran some provinces. Aided by a procurator, who dealt with financial affairs, the governor was responsible for the running the province, with day-to-day matters being controlled by a series of local and town counsels. The provincial constitution would deal, among other things, the status of free towns and ports within the province, the rights of the inhabitants, and with the types and levels of taxation, which were to be paid by the provincials.
http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/e1-34-02-01.pdf
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/parthians/parthians.php
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sassanids/sassanids.php
-Rome:
Rome went through many different institutions starting with the kings of Rome at the start of the Roman Empire, being inevitably followed by the Roman Republic.
In the beginning each province had its own constitution and was loosely supervised by the roman senate. For each province a governor was appointed to rule for one year in theory, but in practice terms were extended. By the time of Augustus a hierarchy had established with “public provinces” administered by a governor who was appointed by the senate, with no responsibility for troops. The remaining provinces were imperial, effectively run by appointees of the emperor. The more peaceful provinces only had one legion of troops based within it, and where the governor was a former praetor (magistrate). Governors from the ranks of former consults (chief magistrates) ran the more heavily garrisoned provinces. Governors of equestrian rank also ran some provinces. Aided by a procurator, who dealt with financial affairs, the governor was responsible for the running the province, with day-to-day matters being controlled by a series of local and town counsels. The provincial constitution would deal, among other things, the status of free towns and ports within the province, the rights of the inhabitants, and with the types and levels of taxation, which were to be paid by the provincials.